Summons
A court-issued document notifying a defendant that a lawsuit has been filed and that a response is required.
Governing rule: Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(a)
Plain-English definition
A summons is the official notice that accompanies the complaint. It tells the defendant who sued, where the case is pending, and when a response is due. Without a valid summons and proper service, a defendant can challenge the court’s authority to proceed against them.
How it works
The clerk signs and seals the summons after the complaint is filed. The plaintiff then arranges service and files proof showing the summons and complaint were delivered correctly.
Why it matters
The response clock usually starts with service of the summons and complaint. That deadline drives early defaults and first motions.